Ultrasonic distance sensor
Uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure distances between objects. It works by transmitting ultrasound waves (high frequency sounds beyond human hearing) towards the object being measured, then detecting the time taken for the echo to return. This works best on objects that are solid, which do not absorb sound. The sensor calculates the distance based on the speed of sound and the round trip delay. Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in automation systems, robotics, car park systems, and security applications where accurate measurements are needed over short ranges.
Ultrasonic sensors typically consist of three main components - transmitter, receiver, and control circuitry. The transmitter sends out a burst of ultrasonic waves toward the target. The reflection from the target returns and hits the receiver, triggering the control circuitry. The timing controller measures the duration between transmission and reception of waves and computes the distance accordingly. The control circuitry converts the waveform information into digital form, making processing and outputting data simple tasks.
To increase reliability and accuracy of measurements, modern ultrasonic distance sensors implement advanced features like automatic calibration, temperature compensation, noise filtering, and automatic averaging of multiple readings. Some sensors even incorporate multiple beam angles, allowing them to monitor wider fields or scan specific targets in detail. A waifu could use these to sense if an object is near or her or to know where walls are. In general, ultrasonic sensors deliver reliable results quickly and accurately with minimal maintenance.
References:
https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-ultrasonic-sensor